| 1. | |
Introduction of membrane engineering | Membrane processes address the goals of Process Intensification because they have the potential to replace conventional energy-intensive techniques, to accomplish the selective and efficient transport of specific components, and to improve the performance of reactive processes. |  |
| 2. | |
Pressure driven membrane operations | Membrane is a selective or non-selective barrier that separates and/or contacts two adjacent pahses and allows or promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and information between the phases in a specific or non-specific manner | |
| 3. | |
Pressure driven membrane operations(contd) | contd | |
| 4. | |
Polarization phenomena in membrane operations | A major problem in all membrane separation processes is the decline of the trans-membrane flux due to concentration polarisation with the formation of a concentration profile upstream or downstream the semi-permeable membrane. This process can also induce the formation of cake or gel layers. Membrane fouling, which is a consequence of adsorption or deposition of feed solution constituents at the membrane surface and also within membrane structure, might also facilitate this phenomenon. The control of concentration polarization and membrane fouling is one of the main problem in the design of membrane separation process and equipment. | |
| 5. | |
Fundamentals and applications of membrane gas separation | The principle of gas separation is illustrated in Figure which shows two different gas mixtures separated by a membrane. The driving force for the gas to permeate the membrane is a pressure gradient. In gas separation both porous and dense membranes are used as selective barriers. In porous membranes the transport of gases is based on the so-called Knudsen diffusion. And in dense solid materials the gas transport is based on a solution–diffusion mechanism. Both the Knudsen diffusion as well as the solution-diffusion transport can result in a selective transport of gases and thus in a separation of gases. | |
| 6. | |
Membrane distillation | Membrane contactors: The basic idea is to use a solid, microporous, hydrophobic polymeric matrix in order to create an interface for mass transfer and/or reaction between two phases: large exchange area and independent fluid-dynamic allow a perfectly and easily controlled operation. | |
| 7. | |
Direct contact membrane distillation | DCMD represents the oldest and simplest configuration of membrane distillation. The liquid feed and the liquid distillate (or permeate) are kept in contact with the membrane and maintained at different temperatures. | |
| 8. | |
Membrane Operations | Introduction to Membrane Science and Membrane Technology. The Process Intensification Strategy. State of the art of Membrane Engineering in Molecular Separations, in Chemical Transformations and in Membrane Contactors | |
| 9. | |
Membrane Separtion Processes | Technically relevant pressure-driven membrane separation processes | |
| 10. | |
Energy consumption and process costs in membrane filtration processes | The total energy required in practical membrane filtration processes is composed of three parts | |
| 11. | |
▪Concentration polarization in other membrane separation processes ▪Polarization phenomena in membrane contactors operations | Concentration Polarization Phenomena. Fouling and Biofouling. Cleaning procedures | |
| 12. | |
Critical flux | Critical flux | |
| 13. | |
Biocatalytic membrane reactors | General principles of biocatalytic membrane reactors | |
| 14. | |
Reverse Osmosis | Reverse Osmosis | |
| 15. | |
Membrane Crystallization | Membrane Contactors: Membrane Strippers and Scrubbers; Membrane Distillation | |
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